# Library ## CRYPTOGRAPHY ### Bitcoin's Origins [Bitcoin's Academic Pedigree](https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=3136559) -- Arvind Narayanan and Jeremy Clark [Hashcash: A Denial-of-Service Counter-Measure](http://www.hashcash.org/hashcash.pdf) -- Adam Back [A Cypherpunk's Manifesto](https://www.activism.net/cypherpunk/manifesto.html) -- Eric Hughes ### Attacks [51% attack explanation](https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do) -- Bitcoin StackExchange [Cost of 51% attack](https://gobitcoin.io/tools/cost-51-attack/) [The P+ Epsilon Attack](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/01/28/p-epsilon-attack/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Long-Range Attacks](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/05/15/long-range-attacks-the-serious-problem-with-adaptive-proof-of-work/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Demystifying Incentives in the Consensus Computer](https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/702) -- Paper by Loi Luu,.. [Crypton ](https://www.kitploit.com/2018/08/crypton-library-consisting-of.html)-- Library documenting relevant cryptography attack vectors ### Fundamentals [Basics of Hash Functions](https://medium.com/@ConsenSys/blockchain-underpinnings-hashing-7f4746cbd66b) -- Consensys on Medium [Public Key Cryptography](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/25741/how-can-i-explain-the-concept-of-public-and-private-keys-without-technical-jargo\)) -- Stack Exchange explanation [How does a Merkle Tree work?](https://www.quora.com/Cryptography-How-does-a-Merkle-proof-actually-work) -- Quora ### Zero Knowledge [ZK-Snarks Under the Hood](https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/zk-snarks-under-the-hood-b33151a013f6) -- Vitalik Buterin on Medium [Early Article on ZK-Starks](https://www.bitcoinisle.com/2017/09/30/zk-starks-new-take-on-zcash-tech-could-power-truly-private-blockchains/) [zkSNARKs in a Nutshell](https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/12/05/zksnarks-in-a-nutshell/) -- Christian Reitweßner ### Homomorphic Encryption [Very Casual Introduction to FHE](https://blog.cryptographyengineering.com/2012/01/02/very-casual-introduction-to-fully/) -- Blog Post by Matthew Green ### Data Availability and Erasure Coding [Comprehensive Review of Data Availability Problem](https://github.com/ethereum/research/wiki/A-note-on-data-availability-and-erasure-coding) -- Ethereum Foundation [Secret Sharing and Erasure Coding](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/08/16/secret-sharing-erasure-coding-guide-aspiring-dropbox-decentralizer/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post ### Network Layer [Whisper: Communication Protocol for Dapps](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Whisper) (github) [Anonymous Connections and Onion Routing](https://www.onion-router.net/Publications/SSP-1997.pdf) (paper) [Dandelion: Redesigning the Bitcoin Network for Anonymity](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.04439.pdf) (Paper) [bloXroute: A Scalable Trustless Blockchain Distribution Network](https://bloxroute.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/bloXroute-whitepaper.pdf) (Paper) ### Atomic Swaps [Atomic On-Chain ETH to Off-Chain BTC Swap](https://blog.goodaudience.com/atomic-on-chain-eth-to-off-chain-btc-swap-3c959ab22e52) -- Jason Wong Medium Post ## ECONOMICS & GOVERNANCE ### Proof of Work (PoW) [Bitcoin Whitepaper](https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf) -- Satoshi Nakamoto [Ethereum Whitepaper](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper) -- Vitalik Buterin [Ethereum Yellow Paper](https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf) -- Gavin Wood [Ethereum Security Audit](https://github.com/LeastAuthority/ethereum-analyses/blob/master/README.md) -- Least Authority ### Electricity Usage for Proof of Work [Electricity consumed by major blockchains](https://www.ofnumbers.com/2018/08/26/how-much-electricity-is-consumed-by-bitcoin-bitcoin-cash-ethereum-litecoin-and-monero/) -- Blog Post Estimate (8/26/18) [Gravity I](https://medium.com/@laurentmt/gravity-10e1a25d2ab2) -- LaurentMT medium post ### Proof of Stake (PoS) [Nothing-At-Stake Problem](https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/2402/what-exactly-is-the-nothing-at-stake-problem) -- Ethereum StackExchange explanation [Cryptoeconomics in Casper](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1m1TuGRGQcdFXizpKf44AOZYECdjUFzTX5tAUf5dQhNA/edit#slide=id.p\)) -- Presentation by Jon Choi [A Proof of Stake Design Philosophy](https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/a-proof-of-stake-design-philosophy-506585978d51) -- Vitalik Buterin blog post [The Triangle of Harm](http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/07/16/triangle_of_harm.html) -- Casper's incentivization philosophy [Proof of Stake](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tdxPzQt4ZI) -- Talk at Cryptoeconomicon [Proof of Stake with Casper](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nQPcNY32JQ) -- Talk by Vlad Zamfir [The History of Casper ](https://medium.com/@Vlad_Zamfir/the-history-of-casper-part-1-59233819c9a9)-- Vlad Zamfir [Ethereum Casper 101](https://medium.com/@jonchoi/ethereum-casper-101-7a851a4f1eb0) -- Jon Choi [On Stake](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/07/05/stake/) -- Vitalik Buterin blog post [Proof of Stake FAQ](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Proof-of-Stake-FAQ) -- Ethereum wiki [Light Clients and Proof of Stake](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/01/10/light-clients-proof-stake/) -- Vitalik Buterin blog post [Weak Subjectivity](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/11/25/proof-stake-learned-love-weak-subjectivity/) -- Vitalik Buterin blog post [Cryptocurrencies without Proof of Work](https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.5694) -- Bentov, Gabizon, Mizrahi Paper [Slasher, Ghost, and Other Developments in Proof of Stake](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/10/03/slasher-ghost-developments-proof-stake/) -- Ethereum blog [Safety under Dynamic Validator Sets](https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/safety-under-dynamic-validator-sets-ef0c3bbdf9f6) -- Vitalik Buterin Medium Post [Validator Shuffling Algorithm for Ethereum](https://github.com/sigp/eth2.0-resources/blob/master/shuffling.md) (Github) [Formal methods on another Casper](https://medium.com/@pirapira/formal-methods-on-another-casper-8a75f6e02073) -- Yoichi Blog Post ### Cryptoeconomics [Introduction to Cryptoeconomics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKqdjaH1dRo) -- Vitalik Buterin Talk [What is Cryptoeconomics?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lw3s7iGUXQ) -- Vlad Zamfir Talk [Ethereum Design Rationale](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Design-Rationale) -- Github [Griefing Factors](http://vitalik.ca/files/extortion_griefing_bounds.pdf) -- Vitalik's Blog [State of Cryptoeconomics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6VSPD5TrP4) -- Vlad Zamfir [Making Sense of Cryptoeconomics](https://medium.com/@jjmstark/making-sense-of-cryptoeconomics-c6455776669) -- Josh Stark [Basic Fundamentals of Cryptoeconomics](https://medium.com/blockchannel/a-crash-course-in-mechanism-design-for-cryptoeconomic-applications-a9f06ab6a976) -- Blockchannel [Intro to Cryptoeconomics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-alrVUv6E24) -- Karl Floersch Talk at Devcon 3 ### Mechanism Design [Incentive Loops](https://medium.com/@Trustless_State/incentive-loops-how-crypto-actually-fixes-stuff-a7aa7aa3ae04) -- David Hoffman Medium Post [Wikipedia for Mechanism Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_design) [On Anti-Pre-Revelation Games](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/08/28/on-anti-pre-revelation-games/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Blockchain and Smart Contract Mechanism Design](http://fc17.ifca.ai/wtsc/Vitalik%20Malta.pdf) -- Vitalik Buterin Talk in Malta ### Blockchain Oracles [Blockchain Oracles](https://blog.aeternity.com/blockchain-oracles-657f134ffbc0) -- Aeternity Medium Post ### Fault Attribution [The Problem of Censorship](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/06/06/the-problem-of-censorship/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Minimal Slashing Conditions](https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/minimal-slashing-conditions-20f0b500fc6c) -- Vitalik Buterin on Medium [Shapley Value Wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapley_value) ### Permissionless Governance [An Intro to Futarchy](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/08/21/introduction-futarchy/) -- Vitalik Buterin [Tezos Whitepaper: A Self-Amending Ledger](https://www.tezos.com/static/papers/white_paper.pdf) [Hard Forks, Soft Forks, Defaults and Coercion](http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/03/14/forks_and_markets.html) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Metcalfe's Law, Externalities and Ecosystem Splits](http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/07/27/metcalfe.html) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post ### Monetary Policy [On Inflation, Transaction Fees and Cryptocurrency Monetary Policy](https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/07/27/inflation-transaction-fees-cryptocurrency-monetary-policy/) -- Vitalik Buterin blog post [Cantillon Effect: Central Banks increase Inequality](https://mises.org/library/how-central-banking-increased-inequality) (article); [tweet](https://twitter.com/NickSzabo4/status/1031232173561368576) by Nick Szabo ## PRIVACY [Privacy on the Blockchain](https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/01/15/privacy-on-the-blockchain/) -- Vitalik Buterin on Ethereum's Blog ## SCALING [Layer 1 vs. Layer 2 innovation on Ethereum](https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/08/26/layer_1.html) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Lightning Analogy to TCP/IP stack](https://medium.com/@melik_87377/lightning-network-enables-unicast-transactions-in-bitcoin-lightning-is-bitcoins-tcp-ip-stack-8ec1d42c14f5) -- Melik Manukyan ### Sharding [Ethereum Sharding Doc](https://github.com/ethereum/sharding/blob/develop/docs/doc.md) -- Vlad Zamfir [Ethereum Sharding: Overview and Finality](https://medium.com/@icebearhww/ethereum-sharding-and-finality-65248951f649) -- Hsiao-Wei Wang on Medium [Sharding AMA](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDa4xjQq1RE) -- Vlad Zamfir ### State Channels [State Channels Explanation](http://www.jeffcoleman.ca/state-channels/) -- Jeff Coleman [Layer 2 Scaling Overview](https://medium.com/l4-media/making-sense-of-ethereums-layer-2-scaling-solutions-state-channels-plasma-and-truebit-22cb40dcc2f4) -- Josh Stark [Network Effects in Generalized State Channels](https://medium.com/workspace0x/network-effects-in-generalized-state-channels-83585076e5e0) -- Michael Nolivos Medium Post ### Sidechains [Blockstream: Enabling Blockchain Innovations with Pegged Sidechains](https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf) -- many good authors [Cosmos -- A Network of Distributed Ledgers](https://cosmos.network/about/whitepaper) (Paper) ### Tendermint [Original Paper](https://tendermint.com/static/docs/tendermint.pdf) -- Jae Kwon [how to reduce distributed algorithms expressed as asynchronous code down to an equivalent asynchronous round representation](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.07078.pdf) (Paper) and [Tweet](https://twitter.com/tendermint_team/status/1033457144606031872) ### Plasma [Paper](http://plasma.io/plasma.pdf) -- Joseph Poon and Vitalik Buterin [Plasma in 10 Minutes](https://medium.com/chain-cloud-company-blog/plasma-in-10-minutes-c856da94e339) -- Anthony Akentiev ### Truebit [The Marketplace for Verifiable Computation](https://medium.com/truebit/truebit-the-marketplace-for-verifiable-computation-f51d1726798f) -- Sina Habibian [Paper](https://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~teutsch/papers/truebit.pdf) -- Jason Teusch and Christian Reitweßner ## Token Engineering ### Token Sale Models [Gnosis Token Launch](https://blog.gnosis.pm/introducing-the-gnosis-token-launch-3cc4cffb5098) -- Dutch Auction Application for Gnosis ('no-sis') [Analysis of Token Sale Models](http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/06/09/sales.html) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Vickrey Auction Wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickrey_auction#Proof_of_dominance_of_truthful_bidding) [Long-Term Cryptocurrency Distribution Models](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/05/24/on-long-term-cryptocurrency-distribution-models/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Handshake Name Service Paper](https://handshake.org/files/handshake.txt) ### Token Design [How Does REP Work](http://blog.augur.net/faq/how-does-reputation-rep-work/) -- Augur Report [Introducing the Gnosis Tokens (GNO)](https://blog.gnosis.pm/introducing-the-gnosis-tokens-gno-and-wiz-5295a65c3822) -- Gnosis Blog Post [Applications of Security Deposits and Prediction Markets](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/11/24/applications-of-security-deposits-and-prediction-markets-you-might-not-have-thought-about/) -- Vitalik Blog Post [SchellingCoin](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/03/28/schellingcoin-a-minimal-trust-universal-data-feed/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post ### Token Bonding Curves [Bonding Curves Explained](https://t.co/nUiZixj05Y) -- Justin Goro Medium Post [Token Bonding Curves in Practice](https://medium.com/@Paul.Haas/token-bonding-curves-in-practice-3eb904720cb8) -- Paul Haas Medium Post ### Token Curated Registries (TCRs) [Token Curated Registry (TCR) Design Patterns](https://hackernoon.com/token-curated-registry-tcr-design-patterns-4de6d18efa15) -- Matt Lockyer Medium Post [The Layered TCR](https://t.co/sZf6yUTsuv) -- Trent McConaghy Medium Post ### Stablecoins [Stablecoins](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8LV56xNwus) -- talk at Cryptoeconomicon [The Search for a Stable Cryptocurrency](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/11/11/search-stable-cryptocurrency/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [The Dai Stablecoin System](https://github.com/makerdao/docs/blob/master/Dai.md) -- Dai github explainer [Hayek and Stablecoins](https://medium.com/@QwQiao/hayek-and-stablecoins-3c7f3291d728) -- Qiao Wang [Arc Primer and Explainer](https://www.arccy.org/sites/default/files/arc-public-docs/arc-primer-and-overview.pdf) [Cryptocurrency Stabilization ](https://github.com/rmsams/stablecoins/blob/master/paper.pdf)-- Research by Robert Sams on seignorage shares ## EDUCATION [Cryptoeconomics.study](https://cryptoeconomics.study) by Karl Floersche [A16z Crypto Cannon](https://a16z.com/2018/02/10/crypto-readings-resources/) [Tari Labs University Github](https://github.com/tari-labs/tari-university) [Blockchain Research Papers](https://github.com/decrypto-org/blockchain-papers) by Decrypto ## Macro Trends for the Space [Adoption of Public Blockchains](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/idea-shorts-adoption-public-blockchains-matt-lockyer/?published=t) -- Matt Lockyer [Education in Blockchain](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/idea-shorts-education-blockchain-cryptocurrency-matt-lockyer/?published=t) -- Matt Lockyer --- # Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter: ``` GET https://uvablockchain.gitbook.io/blockchain/library.md?ask= ``` The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language. The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation. Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.