# Library ## CRYPTOGRAPHY ### Bitcoin's Origins [Bitcoin's Academic Pedigree](https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=3136559) -- Arvind Narayanan and Jeremy Clark [Hashcash: A Denial-of-Service Counter-Measure](http://www.hashcash.org/hashcash.pdf) -- Adam Back [A Cypherpunk's Manifesto](https://www.activism.net/cypherpunk/manifesto.html) -- Eric Hughes ### Attacks [51% attack explanation](https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do) -- Bitcoin StackExchange [Cost of 51% attack](https://gobitcoin.io/tools/cost-51-attack/) [The P+ Epsilon Attack](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/01/28/p-epsilon-attack/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Long-Range Attacks](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/05/15/long-range-attacks-the-serious-problem-with-adaptive-proof-of-work/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Demystifying Incentives in the Consensus Computer](https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/702) -- Paper by Loi Luu,.. [Crypton ](https://www.kitploit.com/2018/08/crypton-library-consisting-of.html)-- Library documenting relevant cryptography attack vectors ### Fundamentals [Basics of Hash Functions](https://medium.com/@ConsenSys/blockchain-underpinnings-hashing-7f4746cbd66b) -- Consensys on Medium [Public Key Cryptography](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/25741/how-can-i-explain-the-concept-of-public-and-private-keys-without-technical-jargo\)) -- Stack Exchange explanation [How does a Merkle Tree work?](https://www.quora.com/Cryptography-How-does-a-Merkle-proof-actually-work) -- Quora ### Zero Knowledge [ZK-Snarks Under the Hood](https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/zk-snarks-under-the-hood-b33151a013f6) -- Vitalik Buterin on Medium [Early Article on ZK-Starks](https://www.bitcoinisle.com/2017/09/30/zk-starks-new-take-on-zcash-tech-could-power-truly-private-blockchains/) [zkSNARKs in a Nutshell](https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/12/05/zksnarks-in-a-nutshell/) -- Christian Reitweßner ### Homomorphic Encryption [Very Casual Introduction to FHE](https://blog.cryptographyengineering.com/2012/01/02/very-casual-introduction-to-fully/) -- Blog Post by Matthew Green ### Data Availability and Erasure Coding [Comprehensive Review of Data Availability Problem](https://github.com/ethereum/research/wiki/A-note-on-data-availability-and-erasure-coding) -- Ethereum Foundation [Secret Sharing and Erasure Coding](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/08/16/secret-sharing-erasure-coding-guide-aspiring-dropbox-decentralizer/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post ### Network Layer [Whisper: Communication Protocol for Dapps](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Whisper) (github) [Anonymous Connections and Onion Routing](https://www.onion-router.net/Publications/SSP-1997.pdf) (paper) [Dandelion: Redesigning the Bitcoin Network for Anonymity](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.04439.pdf) (Paper) [bloXroute: A Scalable Trustless Blockchain Distribution Network](https://bloxroute.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/bloXroute-whitepaper.pdf) (Paper) ### Atomic Swaps [Atomic On-Chain ETH to Off-Chain BTC Swap](https://blog.goodaudience.com/atomic-on-chain-eth-to-off-chain-btc-swap-3c959ab22e52) -- Jason Wong Medium Post ## ECONOMICS & GOVERNANCE ### Proof of Work (PoW) [Bitcoin Whitepaper](https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf) -- Satoshi Nakamoto [Ethereum Whitepaper](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper) -- Vitalik Buterin [Ethereum Yellow Paper](https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf) -- Gavin Wood [Ethereum Security Audit](https://github.com/LeastAuthority/ethereum-analyses/blob/master/README.md) -- Least Authority ### Electricity Usage for Proof of Work [Electricity consumed by major blockchains](https://www.ofnumbers.com/2018/08/26/how-much-electricity-is-consumed-by-bitcoin-bitcoin-cash-ethereum-litecoin-and-monero/) -- Blog Post Estimate (8/26/18) [Gravity I](https://medium.com/@laurentmt/gravity-10e1a25d2ab2) -- LaurentMT medium post ### Proof of Stake (PoS) [Nothing-At-Stake Problem](https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/2402/what-exactly-is-the-nothing-at-stake-problem) -- Ethereum StackExchange explanation [Cryptoeconomics in Casper](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1m1TuGRGQcdFXizpKf44AOZYECdjUFzTX5tAUf5dQhNA/edit#slide=id.p\)) -- Presentation by Jon Choi [A Proof of Stake Design Philosophy](https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/a-proof-of-stake-design-philosophy-506585978d51) -- Vitalik Buterin blog post [The Triangle of Harm](http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/07/16/triangle_of_harm.html) -- Casper's incentivization philosophy [Proof of Stake](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tdxPzQt4ZI) -- Talk at Cryptoeconomicon [Proof of Stake with Casper](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nQPcNY32JQ) -- Talk by Vlad Zamfir [The History of Casper ](https://medium.com/@Vlad_Zamfir/the-history-of-casper-part-1-59233819c9a9)-- Vlad Zamfir [Ethereum Casper 101](https://medium.com/@jonchoi/ethereum-casper-101-7a851a4f1eb0) -- Jon Choi [On Stake](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/07/05/stake/) -- Vitalik Buterin blog post [Proof of Stake FAQ](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Proof-of-Stake-FAQ) -- Ethereum wiki [Light Clients and Proof of Stake](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/01/10/light-clients-proof-stake/) -- Vitalik Buterin blog post [Weak Subjectivity](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/11/25/proof-stake-learned-love-weak-subjectivity/) -- Vitalik Buterin blog post [Cryptocurrencies without Proof of Work](https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.5694) -- Bentov, Gabizon, Mizrahi Paper [Slasher, Ghost, and Other Developments in Proof of Stake](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/10/03/slasher-ghost-developments-proof-stake/) -- Ethereum blog [Safety under Dynamic Validator Sets](https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/safety-under-dynamic-validator-sets-ef0c3bbdf9f6) -- Vitalik Buterin Medium Post [Validator Shuffling Algorithm for Ethereum](https://github.com/sigp/eth2.0-resources/blob/master/shuffling.md) (Github) [Formal methods on another Casper](https://medium.com/@pirapira/formal-methods-on-another-casper-8a75f6e02073) -- Yoichi Blog Post ### Cryptoeconomics [Introduction to Cryptoeconomics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKqdjaH1dRo) -- Vitalik Buterin Talk [What is Cryptoeconomics?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lw3s7iGUXQ) -- Vlad Zamfir Talk [Ethereum Design Rationale](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Design-Rationale) -- Github [Griefing Factors](http://vitalik.ca/files/extortion_griefing_bounds.pdf) -- Vitalik's Blog [State of Cryptoeconomics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6VSPD5TrP4) -- Vlad Zamfir [Making Sense of Cryptoeconomics](https://medium.com/@jjmstark/making-sense-of-cryptoeconomics-c6455776669) -- Josh Stark [Basic Fundamentals of Cryptoeconomics](https://medium.com/blockchannel/a-crash-course-in-mechanism-design-for-cryptoeconomic-applications-a9f06ab6a976) -- Blockchannel [Intro to Cryptoeconomics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-alrVUv6E24) -- Karl Floersch Talk at Devcon 3 ### Mechanism Design [Incentive Loops](https://medium.com/@Trustless_State/incentive-loops-how-crypto-actually-fixes-stuff-a7aa7aa3ae04) -- David Hoffman Medium Post [Wikipedia for Mechanism Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_design) [On Anti-Pre-Revelation Games](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/08/28/on-anti-pre-revelation-games/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Blockchain and Smart Contract Mechanism Design](http://fc17.ifca.ai/wtsc/Vitalik%20Malta.pdf) -- Vitalik Buterin Talk in Malta ### Blockchain Oracles [Blockchain Oracles](https://blog.aeternity.com/blockchain-oracles-657f134ffbc0) -- Aeternity Medium Post ### Fault Attribution [The Problem of Censorship](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/06/06/the-problem-of-censorship/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Minimal Slashing Conditions](https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/minimal-slashing-conditions-20f0b500fc6c) -- Vitalik Buterin on Medium [Shapley Value Wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapley_value) ### Permissionless Governance [An Intro to Futarchy](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/08/21/introduction-futarchy/) -- Vitalik Buterin [Tezos Whitepaper: A Self-Amending Ledger](https://www.tezos.com/static/papers/white_paper.pdf) [Hard Forks, Soft Forks, Defaults and Coercion](http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/03/14/forks_and_markets.html) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Metcalfe's Law, Externalities and Ecosystem Splits](http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/07/27/metcalfe.html) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post ### Monetary Policy [On Inflation, Transaction Fees and Cryptocurrency Monetary Policy](https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/07/27/inflation-transaction-fees-cryptocurrency-monetary-policy/) -- Vitalik Buterin blog post [Cantillon Effect: Central Banks increase Inequality](https://mises.org/library/how-central-banking-increased-inequality) (article); [tweet](https://twitter.com/NickSzabo4/status/1031232173561368576) by Nick Szabo ## PRIVACY [Privacy on the Blockchain](https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/01/15/privacy-on-the-blockchain/) -- Vitalik Buterin on Ethereum's Blog ## SCALING [Layer 1 vs. Layer 2 innovation on Ethereum](https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/08/26/layer_1.html) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Lightning Analogy to TCP/IP stack](https://medium.com/@melik_87377/lightning-network-enables-unicast-transactions-in-bitcoin-lightning-is-bitcoins-tcp-ip-stack-8ec1d42c14f5) -- Melik Manukyan ### Sharding [Ethereum Sharding Doc](https://github.com/ethereum/sharding/blob/develop/docs/doc.md) -- Vlad Zamfir [Ethereum Sharding: Overview and Finality](https://medium.com/@icebearhww/ethereum-sharding-and-finality-65248951f649) -- Hsiao-Wei Wang on Medium [Sharding AMA](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDa4xjQq1RE) -- Vlad Zamfir ### State Channels [State Channels Explanation](http://www.jeffcoleman.ca/state-channels/) -- Jeff Coleman [Layer 2 Scaling Overview](https://medium.com/l4-media/making-sense-of-ethereums-layer-2-scaling-solutions-state-channels-plasma-and-truebit-22cb40dcc2f4) -- Josh Stark [Network Effects in Generalized State Channels](https://medium.com/workspace0x/network-effects-in-generalized-state-channels-83585076e5e0) -- Michael Nolivos Medium Post ### Sidechains [Blockstream: Enabling Blockchain Innovations with Pegged Sidechains](https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf) -- many good authors [Cosmos -- A Network of Distributed Ledgers](https://cosmos.network/about/whitepaper) (Paper) ### Tendermint [Original Paper](https://tendermint.com/static/docs/tendermint.pdf) -- Jae Kwon [how to reduce distributed algorithms expressed as asynchronous code down to an equivalent asynchronous round representation](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.07078.pdf) (Paper) and [Tweet](https://twitter.com/tendermint_team/status/1033457144606031872) ### Plasma [Paper](http://plasma.io/plasma.pdf) -- Joseph Poon and Vitalik Buterin [Plasma in 10 Minutes](https://medium.com/chain-cloud-company-blog/plasma-in-10-minutes-c856da94e339) -- Anthony Akentiev ### Truebit [The Marketplace for Verifiable Computation](https://medium.com/truebit/truebit-the-marketplace-for-verifiable-computation-f51d1726798f) -- Sina Habibian [Paper](https://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~teutsch/papers/truebit.pdf) -- Jason Teusch and Christian Reitweßner ## Token Engineering ### Token Sale Models [Gnosis Token Launch](https://blog.gnosis.pm/introducing-the-gnosis-token-launch-3cc4cffb5098) -- Dutch Auction Application for Gnosis ('no-sis') [Analysis of Token Sale Models](http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/06/09/sales.html) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Vickrey Auction Wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickrey_auction#Proof_of_dominance_of_truthful_bidding) [Long-Term Cryptocurrency Distribution Models](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/05/24/on-long-term-cryptocurrency-distribution-models/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [Handshake Name Service Paper](https://handshake.org/files/handshake.txt) ### Token Design [How Does REP Work](http://blog.augur.net/faq/how-does-reputation-rep-work/) -- Augur Report [Introducing the Gnosis Tokens (GNO)](https://blog.gnosis.pm/introducing-the-gnosis-tokens-gno-and-wiz-5295a65c3822) -- Gnosis Blog Post [Applications of Security Deposits and Prediction Markets](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/11/24/applications-of-security-deposits-and-prediction-markets-you-might-not-have-thought-about/) -- Vitalik Blog Post [SchellingCoin](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/03/28/schellingcoin-a-minimal-trust-universal-data-feed/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post ### Token Bonding Curves [Bonding Curves Explained](https://t.co/nUiZixj05Y) -- Justin Goro Medium Post [Token Bonding Curves in Practice](https://medium.com/@Paul.Haas/token-bonding-curves-in-practice-3eb904720cb8) -- Paul Haas Medium Post ### Token Curated Registries (TCRs) [Token Curated Registry (TCR) Design Patterns](https://hackernoon.com/token-curated-registry-tcr-design-patterns-4de6d18efa15) -- Matt Lockyer Medium Post [The Layered TCR](https://t.co/sZf6yUTsuv) -- Trent McConaghy Medium Post ### Stablecoins [Stablecoins](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8LV56xNwus) -- talk at Cryptoeconomicon [The Search for a Stable Cryptocurrency](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/11/11/search-stable-cryptocurrency/) -- Vitalik Buterin Blog Post [The Dai Stablecoin System](https://github.com/makerdao/docs/blob/master/Dai.md) -- Dai github explainer [Hayek and Stablecoins](https://medium.com/@QwQiao/hayek-and-stablecoins-3c7f3291d728) -- Qiao Wang [Arc Primer and Explainer](https://www.arccy.org/sites/default/files/arc-public-docs/arc-primer-and-overview.pdf) [Cryptocurrency Stabilization ](https://github.com/rmsams/stablecoins/blob/master/paper.pdf)-- Research by Robert Sams on seignorage shares ## EDUCATION [Cryptoeconomics.study](https://cryptoeconomics.study) by Karl Floersche [A16z Crypto Cannon](https://a16z.com/2018/02/10/crypto-readings-resources/) [Tari Labs University Github](https://github.com/tari-labs/tari-university) [Blockchain Research Papers](https://github.com/decrypto-org/blockchain-papers) by Decrypto ## Macro Trends for the Space [Adoption of Public Blockchains](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/idea-shorts-adoption-public-blockchains-matt-lockyer/?published=t) -- Matt Lockyer [Education in Blockchain](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/idea-shorts-education-blockchain-cryptocurrency-matt-lockyer/?published=t) -- Matt Lockyer